However, this process is rather random in nature and does not allow for a specific customized 3D distribution of cells or matrix ( Bose et al., 2013), in addition to being time consuming and less efficient. Scaffolds can provide the base on which cells can grow under the influence of growth factors ( Satpathy et al., 2019). Traditionally, this process requires the formation of an interphase between cell, scaffolds and growth factors.
Its primary objective is the restoration of damaged tissues or organs, with its fundamental goal being to emulate the native complexity of biological tissue (cellular niche) that will aid in the cell differentiation and tissue regeneration.
It encompasses the principles of material science with biology for the fabrication of organ and tissue framework ( Bose and Bandyopadhyay, 2019 Bandyopadhyaya, 2020). Additive manufacturing is one of the most advanced techniques that has been utilized in this area of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are rapidly evolving fields that work toward solving these issues ( Bose et al., 2012). The traditional methods for treating these conditions is dependent upon tissue or organ transplantation which is again dependent upon the availability of a donor which can be rather scarce and comes with the risk of graft rejection due to immune response. Tissue damage and degeneration is a rather common phenomenon among humans however, the regenerating capabilities of human body are rather insufficient to deal with this trauma. We finally conclude with current challenges with 3D bioprinting technology along with potential solution for future technological advancement of efficient and cost-effective 3D bioprinting methods.
We further attempt to highlight the steps involved in each of those tissues/organs printing and discuss on the associated technological requirements based on the available reports from recent literature. We then focus on the applications of 3D bioprinting technology on construction of various representative tissue and organs, including skin, cardiac, bone and cartilage etc. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the 3D bioprinting technology along with associated 3D bioprinting strategies including ink-jet printing, extrusion printing, stereolithography and laser assisted bioprinting techniques. In this regard, 3D bioprinting, which is an extended application of additive manufacturing is now being explored for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as it involves the top-down approach of building the complex tissue in a layer by layer fashion, thereby producing precise geometries due to controlled nature of matter deposition with the help of anatomically accurate 3D models of the tissue generated by computer graphics. However, traditional tissue engineering approaches comprising of scaffolds, growth factors and cells showed limited success in fabrication of complex 3D shapes and in vivo organ regeneration leading to their non-feasibility for clinical applications from a logistical and economical viewpoint. The field of Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine that work toward creating functional tissue-constructs mimicking native tissue for repair and/or replacement of damaged tissues or whole organs have evolved rapidly over the past few decades. 2Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India.1Bioceramics and Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India.Swarnima Agarwal 1,2, Shreya Saha 1, Vamsi Krishna Balla 1, Aniruddha Pal 1, Ananya Barui 2 and Subhadip Bodhak 1 *
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